Wednesday, January 02, 2008

REMEMBER YOUR CREATOR IN THE DAYS OF YOUR YOUTH

Below is the first chapter of the book I am working on. It aims to address the common issues Filipino adolescents face (i.e. family, peers, academic life) by presenting Biblical principles and values that could help resolve their dilemmas. This is a glimpse of a 10-chapter book which I commenced writing in 2002. A Christian missionary firm plans to publish the work this year.

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Magsimula tayo sa isang kuwento tungkol sa isang kabataan. Ipinanganak si Simon na may kapansanan. Mayroon siyang Morquio's syndrome, isang genetic disorder na nagdudulot ng dwarfism o pagiging unano. Halos 3 feet and 11 inches lang ang height niya nang siya ay mag-labindalawang taong gulang. Nang siya ay iluwal, hindi nga halos naramdaman ng kaniyang ina na siya ay lumabas na sa kaniyang sinapupunan. Sinabi ng doktor na hindi magtatagal ang buhay ni Simon dahil sa kaniyang abnormal na pangangatawan. Hindi lang iyon. Mayroon rin siyang sakit sa puso kung kaya’t hindi siya maaring makaramdam ng sobrang pagod o anumang “emotional stress”. Dahil sa kaniyang kalagayan, nahirapan ang kaniyang magulang na tanggapin ang mga pangyayari. Dahil rejected siya sa bahay, hinanap niya ang pagmamahal ng isang magulang sa ina ng kaniyang matalik na kaibigan na si Joe. Nang siya ay nag-aaral na, lagi siyang pinagkakatuwaan ng kaniyang mga kaklase. Minsan, pinagpasa-pasahan siya na parang isang manika. Isa lang ang naging kaibigan niya, si Joe. Sa pag-uusap ng dalawa, laging sinasabi ni Simon na may dakilang plano ang Diyos sa kaniya sa kabila ng kaniyang kapansanan. Sinabi niyang ipinanganak siya upang maging bayani sa paningin ng marami pagdating ng panahon.

Minsan, isang trahedya ang naganap. Nahulog ang sinasakyang school bus nila Simon sa nagyeyelong ilog. Habang lumulubog ang sasakyan, hindi malaman ng mga batang nakasakay kung sino ang magliligtas sa kanila. Dahil si Simon ang pinakamaliit sa grupo (mga grade-schoolers ang kasama niya), siya ang gumawa ng paraan upang makalusot sila sa bintana ng lumulubog na bus. Isang bata ang pilit niyang inangat pataas habang nasa ilalim siya ng napakalamig na tubig. Dahil inuna niya ang mga bata, naiwan siya sa loob ng sasakyan. Sinagip siya ng kaniyang kaibigan na si Joe. Sa ospital, doon unting-unting binawian ng buhay si Simon. Isang ngiti ang iniwan niya sa kaniyang mga mahal sa buhay. Doon naunawaan ni Joe ang tunay na kahulugan ng buhay ng kaniyang kaibigan---ang ialay ang kaniyang sarili upang mabuhay ang iba. Doon siya naniwala na mayroon talagang Diyos na may-akda ng buhay sa daigdig.

Natunghayan ko ang mga eksenang ito sa pelikulang Simon Birch (1998). Tulad ni Joe, mas naramdaman ko ang kahalagahan ng pag-alam sa tunay na kahulugan ng buhay. Tulad ng kaisipan ni Simon, kailangan nating isapuso na may plano ang Diyos sa ating lahat. Kung mauunawaan lamang natin ang kahulugan ng ating pagiging kabataan, hindi natin masasayang ang ating panahon sa paggawa ng mga bagay na hindi mahalaga at walang kabuluhan.

The book of Ecclesiastes (which means “preacher”) offers us golden truths on how to live the prime years of our lives. Naintindihan ni Solomon na hindi sapat ang kayamanan, katanyagan at karunungan upang matamo ang tunay na kaligayahan. Siya ang pinakamatalinong tao ng kaniyang panahon. Walang nakadaig sa kaniya sa buong Ehipto at Gitnang Silangan.[i] Isa siyang dakilang propesor pagdating sa agriculture, animal husbandry, marine science at marami pang iba. Sa kabila ng lahat, hindi napunan ng kaniyang karunungan ang tunay na kasiyahang kaniyang hinanahap. Sa kaniyang pagtanda, hinanap niya sa maraming bagay ang mga kasagutan. Naghanap siya sa mga diyus-diyusan[ii], pagsasaliksik sa iba’t ibang karunungan,[iii] pagtikim ng masasarap na pagkain[iv], pagpapaganda ng kaniyang palasyo,[v] pakikipagniig sa iba’t ibang babae (mayroon siyang 300 asawa at 1,000 concubines)[vi] at marami pang iba. Sa huling bahagi ng kaniyang buhay, isinulat niya ang lahat ng kaniyang natutunan, at ninais niyang iparating ang lahat ng ito sa mga kabataan. Solomon wrote in Ecclesiastes 11:9-10 (MKJV) his description and evaluation of the character of the youth.

CELEBRATE LIFE!

“Rejoice, in your youth, young man…”

Life is meant to be lived very positively. Kailangan tayong magpakaligaya subalit kailangan nating malaman kung ano talaga ang makabuluhan at mahalaga. Often we are satisfied with things that does not satisfy, and which will be judged as empty and meaningless by God in the end. Ang isinulat ni Solomon ay isang paalala, a warning per se. Kahit siya ang pinakamatalinong tao sa buong mundo, maraming pagkatataong hindi siya naging matalino sa paggamit ng kaniyang buhay. Palagay ko, hirap na hirap si Solomon, lumuluha, o humahagulgol habang sinusulat ang huling chapter ng kaniyang libro. Bumabalik sa ala-ala niya ang lahat ng kaniyang kamalian at maaring sumagi sa kaniyang isip na marami nang bagay na hindi na niya maitutuwid. Kung kaya, binabalaan na Niya ang mga kabataan sa lahat bagay kung saan sila maaring magkamali.

Kailangang mag-enjoy ang lahat sa panahon ng kanilang kabataan. Maraming binigay ang Diyos sa atin na kailangan nating ma-enjoy: kayamanan, magandang trabaho, masarap na pagkain, maayos na relasyon at marami pang iba. Walang masama sa pagtingkilik ng mga iyon. Kung sa murang edad pa lamang natin ay panay lungkot na ng buhay ang ating mararanasan, siguradong babaunin natin ang mga miserableng alaala sa ating pagtanda. We must enjoy our youth dahil minsan lamang tayo magiging bata.

Ang problema nga lamang ay maraming kabataan ang nasasanay sa sobrang kasiyahan. Nabubuhay para lamang sa kasalukuyan. Walang iniintindi para sa kinabukasan. Ayaw mag-isip ng problema dahil gustong laging worry-free ang buhay. Hindi kumpleto ang araw kung hindi makapunta ng mga acquaintance parties, sayawan, at mga gimmicks. They just enjoy life and have fun. Marami sa kanila ang may pilosopiyang, "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!".[vii] Parang hanggang ngayon na lamang mabubuhay at kung mamamatay, e di mag-enjoy muna! Ang iba naman halos ayaw nang mangarap. Sila ang mga kabataang “Que sera, sera” (Whatever will be, will be...).Kung saan dalhin ng pagkakataon, bahala na. Kung papasa sa exam, papasa, kung hindi papasa, okey lang.

Maraming pagkakataon ang mga kabataan upang gawin ang lahat ng kanilang maibigan. Marami “trip” sa buhay dahil sa lakas ng kanilang taglay. The glory of young people is their strength.[viii] Minsan, isang agila ang nahuli ng Haribon Foundation sa Mindanao na naghihingalo na dahil sa tama ng bala mula sa mga illegal hunters. Nabigla sila nang makuha nila sa katawan ng agila ang mahigit sampung iba’t ibang bala. Ibig sabihin, natagalan ng ibon ang lahat ng iyon sa matagal na panahon nang walang gamutan. Kung ganoon kalakas ang isang agila, ganoon rin ang lakas na pinagkakaloob ng Panginoon sa lahat ng kabataan.[ix] Malaya silang nakagagalaw at nakakalipad. Halos walang kapaguran. They can get involved in many activities like sports, dance contests, mga music bands nang sabay-sabay. Restless at ayaw na ayaw na walang ginagawa. Kung kaya, kailangang maiwasto ang mga bagay na pinaglalaanan ng mga kabataan ng kanlang lakas at sigla. They should offer the prime years of our lives for the service and glory of God.

“…and let your heart cheer you in the days of your youth…”

Dahil gustong mag-enjoy sa buhay, hindi matatawaran ang tapang at lakas ng loob ng mga kabataan. Out of curiosity, susubukan ang lahat ng bagay kahit makipaglaro sa kamatayan. Nakikipag-unahan sa mga “Extra Challenge,” “Amazing Race” o “Fear Factor” competitions. Ilang beses pumapasok sa mga horror houses sa mga carnivals. Nanonood ng mga horror movies sa mga sinehan (nagbabayad ng pera para takutin ang sarili), nagsi-swimming sa mga beaches at resorts kahit walang kasama sa kalagitnaan ng gabi, umaakyat ng mga nagtataasang mga bundok at pumapasok sa mga madidilim na kweba (spelunking), nagro-road trip kahit hindi alam kung saan pupunta. Kung hindi pa makunteto, sumasama pa sa drag racing o karera ng mga humaharurot na mga kotse. Daig naman ng iba ang mga sirkero sa circus sa pag-aacrobatics sa mga motorsiklong kumakaripas ang takbo. Kung hindi pa rin talaga mabusog sa lahat ng ito, susubok ring mag-bungee jumping mula sa pinakamataas na lugar para makaranas ng kakaibang “thrill” sa buhay.

Kakabit ng kanilang pagiging adventurous ay ang kapusukan ng kanilang puso. Many are often aggresive and out of control. Nakakalimutang mag-isip nang makailang beses bago gawin ang maraming bagay. Sa larangan ng pag-ibig, basta kumalabog ang dibdib, laging iniisip true love na iyon! Laging nauuna ang emosyon at ang pagnanais na madama ang sarap na dulot ng relasyon. Dahil dito, marami ang nahuhulog sa tukso at kasalanan. Maraming dalaga ang “nakakalunok ng pakwan“[x], samantalang ang mga binatilyo namn ay “nakapagtatanim ng pakwan“ nang wala sa tamang panahon. Hindi kasi concerned sa mga consequences ng maling desisyon. Kung sumagi man ang mga iyon sa isipan, ang kalimitang asal: “Tsaka na natin problemahin iyon! Ang mahalaga ay iyong ngayon..“

“…and walk in the ways of your heart, and in the sight of your eyes…”

Young people often follow the impulses and ways of their heart. They want to be in charge of their lives. The drive for independence is often intense. Ayaw na ayaw papakialaman. Sambakol ang mukha kung napupuna ng magulang ang damit na isinusuot, mga magazines na binabasa, mga pelikulang pinapanood, mga CDs na pinakikinggan at marami pang iba. Hate na hate makarinig ng mga komentong kokontra at magbabawal sa kanilang ginagawa. Madalas, ang gusto ang laging nasusunod. Ang laging sinisigaw: This is my life! I want to do things my way! (ala Frank Sinatra). Sadly, this attitude can go extreme, leading to rebellion. Lumalayas sa bahay dahil ayaw na ayaw maririnig ang boses ng galit na magulang. Pero nang kumalam ang sikmura dahil wala nang mapuntahang kaibigan, bumabalik pa rin sa tahanan. Hindi ko malilimutan nang minsang magtampo ako sa aking nanay nang pagalitan niya ako noong ako ay Grade 3 pa lamang. Sumiksik ako sa isang sulok at nagmukmok. Dahil sa matinding pride, hindi ako kumain nang tanghalian at gabihan. Kahit pinapakain ako, tinataboy ko ang inihahain sa akin. Nang dumating ang madaling araw, unti-unting nawawala na ang pride power ko. Nanginginig na ako sa gutom. Hindi ako makatulog sa gutom. So, ano ang nangyari? Tinimplahan ako ng gatas ng nanay ko dahil sa aking panginginig. Kailangan ko nang lunukin ang pride ko. Ininom ko ang napakasarap na gatas at pinagpawisan nang husto dahil sa sobrang kalam ng aking sikmura. May isang TV show host ang minsang nagbiro, “Huwag lalayas ng bahay kung hindi kayang pangatawanan ang pagrerebelde.” There is an enduring reality—young people are still dependent on their families. Hindi kailanman makakatulong ang magtanim ng galit sa ating mga magulang.

Idealistic at punong-puno ng pangarap ang maraming kabataan. Many, especially university students, desire to introduce positive changes in their communities. Their idealism compels them to resist the evils of society. Ang ugaling ito ay lutang na lutang sa mga kabataang TIBAK (aktibista). They clamor for a social revolution because they want to introduce a new social order (hanep sa termino a!). Patuloy silang lumalabas sa kalsada at nakikibaka sa gobyerno alang-alang sa tinatawag nilang social emancipation o paglaya ng mga mamamayan mula sa kahirapan, kawalan ng katarungan, katiwalian sa gobyerno at marami pang iba.

Dahil hindi pa nararanasan ang masasakit na trahedya ng buhay, they are more optimistic than the oldies (mga matatanda). Dahil wala pang ideya sa mga bagay na haharapin, laging handang sumugod sa anumang labanan. On one hand, since they don't know what can't be done, they often achieve great things. On the other hand, may kakabit na problema ang ganitong attitude. Young people are sometimes naïve. Ibig sabihin, walang muwang sa maraming bagay, immature and inexperienced. If they don’t have the experience, they cannot weigh the consequences of their actions. Kapag sumabog na ang problema, laging natutulala sa sobrang pagkabigla: “Ay, ganun pala yun. Di ko alam e.” Charge to experience na lang.

Kakabit ng ideyalismong ito ay ang paghahanap nila ng mga idolo o mga personalidad na gagayahin at susundan. One expression of this character is the teenagers’ collection of pictures and posters of famous superheroes, rock stars, singers and showbiz stars. Kapag pumasok ka sa kuwarto ng ilan, halos tiles na lang ng restroom ang walang poster. Bakit? They are searching for role models who can inspire them. At the same time, they imitate them. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit madali silang madis-ilusyon sa maraming bagay. Madalas silang madismaya sa mga taong inaasahan nilang magiging dakilang halimbawa. Ika nga ng isang information advertisement: Ang ginagawa ng matanda ay nagiging tama sa mata ng isang bata. Nalilito ang maraming kabataan sa kung ano ang tama dahil sa kamalian ng mga taong kanilang tinitingala.

THE GREAT WARNING

“…but know that for all these things God will bring you into judgment…”

There is a serious warning. Sa lahat ng ating ginagawa, God will bring us into judgment. Walang masama sa pag-eenjoy at pagbubuhay-kabataan. Siguraduhin lamang natin na hindi natin sinasaktan ang puso ng Diyos. Hindi sinasabi ni Lord, “Sige gawin mo ang lahat mong gawin, magpakasaya ka, pero tatandaan mo, babalikan kita pagdating ng araw para parusahan sa lahat ng iyong masasama at likong gawa” Sa halip, ito ang nais Niyang ipaabot sa lahat: “Gawin mo akong bahagi ng iyong kabataan. Tutulungan kita kapag mahirap na ang mabuhay. Payagan mo lamang Akong makialam sa iyong buhay.” Nais Niya na malayo tayo sa pasakit na bunga ng masasamang hilig at asal ng kabataan. Most young people spend the first half of their lives making the second half miserable. Ano ngayon ang payo ni Solomon sa lahat ng kabataan upang maging smooth-sailing ang kanilang buhay?

“…Therefore remove vexation from your heart, and put away evil from your flesh; for childhood and prime of life are vanity.”

Kailangan nating tanggalin ang anumang pag-aalala sa ating isipan. The vexation of our hearts is the psychological problem we call anxiety. Solomon wrote about our emotional health. It is hard to delight in God when we are depressed and emotionally unstable. Maraming kabataan ang panay problema ang laman ng utak. Hindi na ngumingiti dahil laging problema ang iniisip. Hindi na kayang solusyunan ng mga stress tablets at vitamins ang nararamdaman dahil sa sobrang depression. This should not happen. In our youth we should not let these things get us down. Else, magmumukha na tayong batang matanda dahil sa kulubot nating mukha.

Solomon also tells us us to put away pain from our flesh. We should get rid all forms of evil from our bodies. Kailangan alagaan natin ang ating katawan. Marami akong kaibigang vegetarian. Tinanong ko sila kung bakit pinili nila ang ganoong lifestyle. Obvious naman siguro ang sagot nila. They refrain from eating pork because of health considerations. Kapag bata tayo, wala tayong pakialam sa ating kalusugan. Kain lang ng kain ng sangkaterbang junk foods at lumalagok ng ilang litrong softdrinks na may kasamang matatabang pagkain na nagkaka-high blood. Wala pang exercise. Many youth are foolish to think that they are immortal. Dahil sa bata at malakas, sige lang ang inuman, kalayawan, at sarap ng buhay. Pero katulad ng makina ng sasakyan, may hangganan at limitasyon ang ating katawan. The decisions we make concerning our physical bodies in the days of our youth will echo through the rest of our lives.

To be spared from emotional and physical problems, we must avoid sinful pleasures. We often sin because it holds out some promise of pleasure or satisfaction. That promise makes us slaves until the time we realize that God is more to be desired than life itself. The sins of the world will cause us anxieties, pains and troubles.[xi] Sa una lang sila masarap. Sa kalaunan, tayo na ang kanilang lalamunin. Maraming nagugumon sa mga luho ng buhay. Ang resulta: nababaon sila sa utang dahil sa halos maupos na ang credit card sa sobrang gamit at pangungutang nang kabi-kabila. Marami namang kabataang hindi mabubuhay kung walang pangmumog na beer at alak. Wala sa ugali nila ang uma-absent sa mga wild parties. Sa mga gawaing ito natututunang humitit ng marijuana, shabu, ectascy at iba pang ipinagbabawal na gamot. Kung nasaan ang barkada, nakabuntot din sila—kahit sa mga ilegal na gawain.

May payo ako sa lahat ng mga kabataang ayaw matigil sa paninigarilyo. Bumili ng isang malaking alkansiya na hindi masisira sa matagal na panahon. Sa bawat stick ng sigarilyo na iyong hinihitit, maghulog ng dalawang piso (P2) sa alkansiya. Bakit kailangang mag-ipon? Ganito lang iyon. Kung sakaling nakakahitit ka ng 3 sigarilyo sa loob ng isang araw (3 x P2) may anim na piso (P6) ka na. Sa loob ng isang linggo (3 x P2 x 7 days), mayroon ka nang P42. Sa loob ng isang buwan, humigit-kumulang P170 na ang ipon mo. Sa loob ng isang taon, mayroon ka nang P2,040. Kung balak mong manigarilyo sa loob ng 20 taon, makakaipon ka ng humigit-kumulang P40,000. Saan naman natin gagamitin ang perang naipon? Gagamitin natin iyon sa iyong pampagamot dahil wala ka nang baga. Sa ganitong paraan, hindi ka na masyado mahihirapan o ang mga mahal mo sa buhay sa paghahanap ng pera para sa iyong mga hospital bills! Well, that’s a SERIOUS JOKE. Simple lang naman ang mensahe ng Panginoon: huwag sirain ang katawan sa pamamagitan ng ABS-CBN (Alak, Babae, Sugal-Cabaret, Bar at Nightclub) at iba pang masamang bisyo. Totoong-totoo ang kasabihang “Kung ano ang iyong itinanim, iyon ang iyong aanihin.”[xii] Hindi natin kayang dayain at linlangin ang Diyos. Puwede nating sabihin, “Magpapakasarap muna ako sa luho at bisyo, puwede naman akong iligtas ng Panginoon sa sakit at karamdaman in the future kasi LOVING and HEALING GOD naman Siya di ba?” Alam ng Panginoon ang takbo ng ating isipan. Hindi nagbabago ang Kaniyang prinsipyo: magtanim ka ng kasamaan, aani ka ng kasamaan.

Being responsible to God is the calling of all young people. Walang kabuluhan ang lakas ng ating kabataan kung ilalaan lamang sa mga bagay na magdadala sa atin sa kapahamakan. Halimbawa, kung sisirain natin sa bisyo ang ating katawan, makakaasa tayong aanihin natin ang mga sakit na dulot nito sa mga susunod na panahon. This is the reason we should remember and honor God in the days of our youth.



[i] 1 Hari 3:7-12, 4:30, 10:1-8

[ii] 1 Hari 11:1-13

[iii] Ecclesiastes 1:13b,18

[iv] 1 Hari 4:22-23; 10:4-5

[v] Ecclesiastes 2:4-9

[vi] 1 Hari 11:3

[vii]1 Corinthians 15:32

[viii] Proverbs 20:29

[ix] Isaiah 40: 30-31

[x] Ang terminong lagi kong ginagamit patungkol sa unwanted teenage pregnancies.

[xi] I John 2:15-17

[xii] Galacia 6:7

Wednesday, December 26, 2007

THE TALE OF THREE TREES (Author Unknown)

Once upon a mountain top, three little trees stood and dreamed of what they wanted to become when they grew up. The first little tree looked up at the stars and said: "I want to hold treasure. I want to be covered with gold and filled with precious stones. I'll be the most beautiful treasure chest in the world!" The second little tree looked out at the small stream trickling by on its way to the ocean. "I want to be traveling mighty waters and carrying powerful kings. I'll be the strongest ship in the world!" The third little tree looked down into the valley below where busy men and women worked in a busy town. "I don't want to leave the mountain top at all. I want to grow so tall that when people stop to look at me, they'll raise their eyes to heaven and think of God. I will be the tallest tree in the world."

Years passed and the little trees grew tall. One day three woodcutters climbed the mountain. The first woodcutter looked at the first tree and said, "This tree is beautiful. It is perfect for me." With a swoop of his shining ax, the first tree fell. "Now I shall be made into a beautiful chest, I shall hold wonderful treasure!" the first tree said. The second woodcutter looked at the second tree and said, "This tree is strong. It is perfect for me." With a swoop of his shining ax, the second tree fell. "Now I shall sail mighty waters!" thought the second tree. "I shall be a strong ship for mighty kings!" The third tree felt her heart sink when the last woodcutter looked her way. She stood straight and tall and pointed bravely to heaven. But the woodcutter never even looked up. "Any kind of tree will do for me." He muttered. With a swoop of his shining ax the third tree fell.

The first tree rejoiced when the woodcutter brought her to a carpenter's shop. But the carpenter fashioned the tree into a feed box for animals. The once beautiful tree was not covered with gold, nor with treasure. She was coated with sawdust and filled with hay for hungry farm animals. The second tree smiled when the woodcutter took her to a shipyard, but no mighty ship was made that day. Instead, the once strong tree was hammered and sawed into a simple fishing boat. She was too small and too weak to sail to an ocean, or even a river. Instead she was taken to a little lake. The third tree was confused when the woodcutter cut her into strong beams and left her in a lumberyard. "What happened?" The once tall tree wondered. "All I ever wanted was to stay on the mountain top and point to God..."

Many, many days and nights passed. The three trees nearly forgot their dreams. But one night, golden starlight poured over the first tree as a young woman placed her newborn baby in the feed box. "I wish I could make a cradle for him," her husband whispered. The mother squeezed his hand and smiled as the starlight shone on the smooth and the sturdy wood. "This manger is beautiful," she said. And suddenly the first tree knew he was holding the greatest treasure in the world.

One evening a tired traveler and his friends crowded into the old fishing boat. The traveler fell asleep as the second tree quietly sailed out into the lake. Soon a thundering and thrashing storm arose. The little tree shuddered. She knew she did not have the strength to carry so many passengers safely through the wind and the rain. The tired man awakened. He stood up, stretched out his hand and said, "Peace." The storm stopped as quickly as it had begun. And suddenly the second tree knew he was carrying the King of heaven and earth.

One Friday morning, the third tree was startled when her beams were yanked from the forgotten woodpile. She flinched as she was carried through an angry jeering crowd. She shuddered when soldiers nailed a man's hands to her. She felt ugly and harsh and cruel. But on Sunday morning, when the sun rose and the earth trembled with joy beneath her, the third tree knew that God's love had changed everything. It had made the third tree strong. And every time people thought of the third tree, they would think of God. That was better than being the tallest tree in the world.

Tuesday, November 27, 2007

Why Does God Allow Suffering

Luis Palau is one of my favorite Christian evangelists. He has the ability to present the Gospel in a simple but striking manner. In this article, he explains the rationale behind the sufferings we experience. Everything has a reason and purpose.

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A philosopher from Paris once commented, "God is dead. Marx is dead. And I don't feel so good myself." His attitude illustrates the pessimism rampant in our culture today.

If there really is a God, people wonder, why has He allowed so much suffering in the world?

Many Christians honestly struggle with that same question. Only by turning to the Bible can we begin to understand the problem of suffering in this life.

Basically, there are four types of suffering. The first type is that which comes as the result of natural disasters, such as an earthquake or a hurricane. The suffering that results from these disasters happens to both the righteous and unrighteous (Matthew 5:45).

A second type of suffering can be called man's inhumanity to man. War would be classified under this type of suffering. Because of humanity's greed and pride, people try to hurt other people (James 4:1-2).

A third type of suffering is best seen in the life of Job in the Old Testament; it came as a result of Satan's attack on him. After receiving permission from God, Satan moved in and caused incredible suffering to Job and his family.

A fourth type of suffering is that which comes as a result of our own erroneous actions. For example, if I walk off the roof of my office and fall to the ground, breaking my leg, I am suffering because I broke God's law of gravity. We also suffer when we break God's moral laws.

Much suffering can be traced to the evil choices we make. Some, but not all, suffering is allowed by God as a punishment for sin. Often God simply forces us to live with the consequences of our actions (Galatians 6:7-8).

Whenever people break God's laws, others are bound to suffer as well. I refer you to the story of Achan in Joshua 7. When he coveted and took some of the spoil from the battle of Jericho, Achan cost the lives of thirty-six men in battle against Ai. It is inevitable that others will suffer in the wake of an individual's disobedience.

How we respond to suffering—whether or not we brought it on ourselves—is going to make us or break us as Christian pilgrims. Circumstances often do more to reveal our character than to shape it. But by properly responding to trials, we can develop patience and proven character (Romans 5:3-4).

Problems, stress, calamity, or the death of a loved one often cause us to search ourselves for any sin in our lives (see 1 Kings 17:18). Pain plants the flag of truth in a heavy heart. But we must be cautious not to let Satan overwhelm us with excessive and false guilt or grief (2 Corinthians 2:7). Job's wife told him to curse God and die. He refused to give up and remained faithful to the Lord. Notice that in the end God gave him all he had before and even more (Job 42:10-17).

Instead of looking at our circumstances, we need to keep our eyes on Jesus Christ, the source of life. He will bring us through whatever situation we face, and as a result we will be stronger Christians, better able to serve Him because of our trials.

In a day of pessimism and suffering we can say with the psalmist, "The Lord is with me; I will not be afraid. What can man do to me?" (Psalm 118:6). The Lord Himself, as the great Sufferer, is our comfort and hope in troubled times.Publish Post

Tuesday, July 03, 2007

Who is my Neighbor?

But he, willing to justify himself, said to Jesus, And who is my neighbor? And answering, Jesus said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho and fell among robbers, who stripped him of his clothing and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And by coincidence a certain priest came down that way and seeing him, he passed by on the opposite side. And in the same way a Levite, also being at the place, coming and seeing him, he passed on the opposite side. But a certain traveling Samaritan came upon him, and seeing him, he was filled with pity. And coming near, he bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine, and set him on his own animal and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. And going on the next day, he took out two denarii and gave them to the innkeeper, and said to him, Take care of him. And whatever more you spend, when I come again I will repay you. Then which of these three, do you think, was neighbor to him who fell among the robbers? And he said, The one doing the deed of mercy to him. And Jesus said to him, Go and do likewise (Luke 10:29-37)

THE PRIEST

  • It is said that not less than 12,000 priests and Levites dwelt at Jericho; and as their business was at Jerusalem, of course there would be many of them constantly traveling on that road.
  • He saw him and passed the other side.Maybe he was thinking of his busy schedule and do not want to be bothered
  • He broke the Jewish Law which states that even enemies should be treated as friends:Exodus 23:4-5-If you meet your enemy's ox or his ass going astray, you shall surely bring it back to him again. If you see the ass of him who hates you lying under his burden, and would hold back from helping him, you shall surely help him.

THE LEVITE

  • Levites assist the priests in temple ceremonies
  • The Levite watched the man but still did nothing to relieve him.

THE SAMARITAN

  • The Great Commandment: Luke 10:27 - And answering, he said, You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind, and your neighbor as yourself.
  • Jews and Samaritans were enemies (Matthew 10:5, John 4:9).Love your enemies (Matthew 5:43-48)
  • Came upon him and see him—He took time.We must make time to help our neighbor.
  • He was filled with pity—He showed compassion.We must love one another (John 13:34-35)
  • Bound up his wounds with oil and wine—Acted out his compassion.If we are indeed religious, we must show it by works of faith (James 2:18, 20,26)
  • Brought him to an inn and took care of him—He supported him all the way. We should never stop from doing good (Galatians 6:9-10)

The World After 9/11

TAKING STOCK OF THE DAY THAT
DISTURBED INTERNATIONAL ORDER[1]

Ronald C. Molmisa


Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, WORLDS IN COLLISION: Terror and the Future of Global Order. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke & New York 2002. 384 pages

Much has been said about the character of 9/11 attacks from being the fulfillment of Nostradamus’s bleak prophecies to the alleged re-surgence of worldwide Islamic jihad. September 11 events have undeniably altered people’s perception---from the business executives of Manhattan to the opium farmer of Afghanistan---of the dynamics of globalization, national security and international relations. For some, the collapse of the Twin Towers offered a déjà vu of the demolition of the Berlin Wall. If the unification of Germany symbolized the values of international legality and democracy, the WTC attacks witnessed the birth of a new form of realpolitik (Archibugi 2001). The Achilles’ heel of US’s power was ultimately exposed in the so-called paradox of ‘9/11’ which both convey Washington’s readiness to respond to complex emergencies (911 emergency dial) and the susceptibility of the American territory to foreign intrusion. No country has confronted the US lead before, and for the first time ever, the Hegemon has been challenged by an absolutely gratuitous attack. The casualties of September 11 constituted one of the worst one-day massacres in the last decade, together with the Rwandan genocide of the Tutsis. Major debates revolve around the question whether 9/11 should be deemed as an unprecedented event which shattered the previous international order, or just another flashpoint in the history of 21st century. Answers to this question do not come easily.

World governments demonstrated three main responses to the trauma of 9/11. First, state power was rapidly reinstated through the intensification of sovereign control which the realists heralded as the strengthening of statecraft. The self-help system of world politics compels states to prioritize their security concerns above the interests of other states through the use of military force as a key instrument in gaining states’s objectives. The transnational nature of terrorism likewise reinvigorated inter-state cooperation aimed at preserving regional security. For rationalist institutionalists, globalization opens a Pandora’s Box which creates new channels for protest including the terrorist path. International institutions promise to assist governments in addressing these challenges. In 1970s, Keohane and Nye proposed the complex interdependence framework to explain the nature of international interdependence and the benefits of multilateral cooperation. They argue that multilateral initiatives are more politically-effective and resource-efficient than bilateral actions in addressing transnational concerns including terrorism (Keohane and Nye 1989). This is accomplished through the institution of a ‘regime’ or a set of rules that countries subscribe to, in leveling the playing field and minimize cheating and relative gains as proposed by the realists. The term ‘collective security’, first employed during the construction of the League of Nations, finds it niche in the security architecture emerging post 9/11. In theory, collective security would discourage potential aggressors from angering a collectivity of states. Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty is premised on this notion which provides that an attack on one of the member states shall be considered an attack against all. Likewise, Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that nations can exercise their right to individual or collective self-defense. As comprehensively discussed in the book, these multilateral initiatives are defied by the hawkish, cowboy foreign policies of Washington. Holding steadfast to the doctrine of defensive realists, the Bush administration’s expansion of security tools had serious repercussions to the security standing of others by decreasing their military power (Taliaferro 2001).

Second, bin Laden’s involvement in the attacks signaled the criminalization of terrorism and its attendant actions, nostalgic of what Keohane explains about the delegitimation of piracy in the 18th century. Terrorists of diverse ideological motivations were widely condemned including the nations which harbor them. The ‘axis of evil’ was identified comprising of Iraq, Iran and North Korea, countries assumed to possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Widespread suppression of public dissent became the norm to quell domestic discontent, leading to the decreased space for civil society.

Third, majority of states “embroidered” the concepts of ‘nation’, ‘heroism’ and ‘freedom’ to elicit sympathies and galvanize public support for the anti-terror campaign. Global media networks accentuated the rhetoric of war while stories of civilian casualties were romanticized mainly through dramatic media video footages and metaphors. Not only had these imageries stirred the collective pathos of the peoples around the globe, it also provided enough raison d’etre for governments to apply military solutions in the name of national security and order.

The horrors of 9/11 have become ‘fashionable’ in recent years with numerous cozy presumptions and grand interpretations about world politics demolished and questioned. Bringing together an outstanding group of intellectuals, Worlds in Collision primes itself as an indispensable book in understanding the debates about the future of global order in the wake of international terrorism and the war in Afghanistan. Booth and Dunne have managed to garner contributions from a stellar group of scholars in a commendable speed (completed in 2002). The plurality of viewpoints ranging from the writings of Kenneth Waltz, Amitav Acharya, Noam Chomsky, Immanuel Wallerstein, among others, makes the collection as a must-read for scholars of International Relations. The volume presents the current dialectics of thought-worlds explicating the nature of terrorism, the current international order and the variegated worlds co-existing in the globe. Deeper appreciation of the chapters reveal three more sub-themes: 1) the reinforcement of US global power and its consequence on the international political structures, 2) the interplay between globalization and culture in reconciling thought-worlds, and 3) the assumed configuration of a new world order.

The book clearly sets out that we are confronted by a ‘confusion of misunderstandings, crude stereotypes and parallel absences of self-knowledge’ (pp. 5). Different international actors have divergent perceptions on the motivation and real character of the WTC bombers. The terms terrorism and terrorists require serious attention and examination since they have not been defined in a coherent manner (Chomsky). One country’s terrorist can be another state’s nationalist freedom fighter. 9/11 has bifurcated the notions of terrorism between the US-inspired and other countries’ brand of terror with the term terrorists being applied only to Washington’s enemies and not against itself. The US is notorious in approaching the world through a series of simple minded binaries: friend and foe, west and east, allies and enemies, as substantiated by President Bush’s “Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists” speech.

Terrorism can be dissected according to its nature and purposes. It can be minimally defined as the ‘use of terror by organized groups to achieve given objectives’. But there is more than meets the eye. The multiplicity of terrorists’s strategies can get easily entangled with their somehow nebulous, non-political motivations. We can discern religious overtones from the pronouncements of al-Qaeda members stating their fundamental mission to stage a protracted armed struggle against the enemies of Islam, especially the Great Satan-US. Still, terrorist activities are not only a monopoly of shadowy groups but can also be utilized by states as a means to gain legitimacy. Authoritarian governments of Mao, Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot, and the Talibans exhibited how leaders wage war against nonconforming constituents through state oppression.

The US was successful in establishing the Coalition of the Willing[2] (or Coalition of the Coerced?) to gain global support for its regime change project in Afghanistan and Iraq. Nonetheless, supporters of Bush’s anti-terror campaign overlooked and miscalculated the costs of their participation. As in the past, military cooperation with the US could not guarantee the honest exercise of multilateral cooperation nor can it safeguard the interests of smaller players. On the contrary, it could put governments to a more vulnerable position as demonstrated by the experiences of the Philippines, Spain and Great Britain which became epicenters of terrorists’ initiatives in recent months.

REASSERTION OF US HEGEMONY

Neorealists maintain that contemporary states have already abandoned the maximization of state power but rather focus on striking a balance between international relations and power politics. On one hand, the anarchic nature of the international system permits powerful states (the so-called poles) to determine the trajectory of the international order. The stability of the international system, as neorealists suggest, can be attributed to a single dominant state or a lead hegemon which can articulate and enforce the rules of interaction among the international system (Hegemonic Stability Theory). Admittedly, since coalitional politics are unstable in this conjuncture, Halliday and Gray highly consider America as the only viable global leader. The volume magnifies US’s punctured political ego and its aggressive military responses.

While some take the view that 9/11 destroyed or, at least decreased, the US’s omnipotence, the reverse may be more compelling (Hill 2001; Smith 2002). Cox believes that the “end of the unipolar moment” thesis is untenable and should not be conveniently received because US, as the former isolationist of pre-WW2 period, is beginning to rebuild its image as the main sheriff of world affairs. Series of military build-up put the country in a more dominant status and no country can challenge the Hegemon without suffering its consequences. As Guzinni (2002:292) succinctly writes,

The Bush administration’s foreign policy hitherto suffers from a neglect of diplomacy. It has emphasised a strategy that combines unilateral and re-militarising elements. Security is conceived of in terms of a gated community writ large. Diplomacy is downgraded to alliance-building (conveniently misnamed multilateralism) for a policy already decided. Other countries are sheer objects, not subjects, within US foreign policy. The conception of order in international society is stripped of substantial components of justice or legitimacy, to which the US would accept being subjected itself.

Combating terrorism and maintaining peaceful international relations necessitate the preservation of the integrity of the international law. Yet the imperial tinge in the application of these laws is apparent and continues to injure international players. Byers and An Naim strike it hard when they tag the US as a ‘vigilante and a self-imposing entity’ which comfortably circumvents UN resolutions--either to dismiss it or to engage in ‘a la carte multilateralism’ which can complement its own preferences. Washington rejected the idea of an International Criminal Court of Justice mainly because of its detrimental provisions for the American government. It has been flouting the Geneva Convention on the Laws of War for more than five decades. US rejected the Kyoto Protocol on gas emission to guard its economy which is heavily funded by the oil industry. Moreover, Washington’s protectionist policies on its steel industry intimidate its Western Europe’s counterparts with fifty percent of global economy in the hands of American corporations.

Coalitional politics is the major instrument of US to exert its power and compete with other states on distinguishing the terrorists and ascertaining acts of terrorism. Washington recasts itself as the final arbiter of what is morally right or wrong but as Chomsky argues, Bush’s moral truism reflects that it only acts to protect the civil liberties of its people and undermine the human rights of other peoples in the world. Washington and its allies were successful in securing good legal ‘cover’ to legitimize its use of military power using the doctrine of pre-emptive strikes as its grand smokescreen. Although it brands itself as an epitome of democratic society, it has been consistent in applying terrorist measures in Panama, the Persian Gulf, the Balkans and Afghanistan to ostracize erring civilians. This posturing is exacerbated by the vague definition of ‘national defense’ provided by Article 51 of the UN Charter. Previously, it was generally understood that military self-defense should only focus on halting or repelling the attack that has taken place; it should not be retaliatory, punitive, or aimed at pre-emption against possible future attacks. Historical evidences abound about the US’s violation of this UN pronouncement. In 1986, the US took military action against Libya in response to terrorist attacks on its forces in Berlin; many states insisted that such action went beyond legitimate self-defense. In August 1998, the US attacked Afghanistan and Sudan in response to terrorist attacks on its embassies in Kenya and Ethiopia.

Washington’s global democratization project contradicts the concept of a just war. Normative theory defines a jus ad bellum (just war): 1) as a war of self-defense in response to aggression; it is legitimized by state authorities as a last resort after exhausting peaceful remedies and (2) as a war that is being exercised in right conduct (jus in bello) including the protection of the noncombatants and the innocent, non-use of immoral weapons (e.g. WMD) and when actions are taken with a right intention to accomplish legitimate military objectives and to minimize collateral death and destruction (Viotti and Kauppi 1987). Conventional requirements state that non-combatants should not be the intended target of the enterprise. Governments’s responsibility to protect their people does not provide them a right for the use of violence. It must be recalled that the photographs of the Iraqi prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib elicited condemnation and anger among the peoples of the globe. The arrogant display of US soldiers’s violation of human rights clearly defies Elhstain’s definition of a compassionate, forbearing American military. He somehow misconstrues Washington’s military policy when he claims that

No group in the US pays more attention to ethical restraint on the use of force than does the US military. We do not kill or even threaten to kill nearly 3000 civilians because that number of our own civilians has been murdered by perpetrators who scarcely deserve the name of either soldier of warrior.” (p. 266).

The book does not fail to juxtapose contemporary wars with the issues of national sovereignty and human rights to reconcile debates concerning the use of force vis-à-vis the universal rights to human protection and dignity. Political observers confirm that a counter-terrorist strategy that separates the enemy from those who harbor them is not part of Bush’s mindset. Al-Qaeda and Jaamiyah Islamiyah are seen as problematic and need to be carefully approached and dissolved. Buzan, reinforces this conviction when he posits that, in the declaration of war, civilians must be separated from their governments as targets, if and only if the people do not deserve the government they have. Although the Geneva Conventions on War dictate that civilians should be treated separately from their governments, it must be noted that not all civilians are innocent. He further states, “To delink people from their governments, when they are in fact closely linked, is to undermine the political point of resorting to war in the first place.” (p.91). He gives the examples of flag-waving Serbs who either stood as silent supporters of Milosevic or as protectors of innocent civilians, Hussein’s despotic rule in Iraq, Kim’s Stalinistic regime in North Korea and Iran’s anti-US theocracy which were all sustained and reinforced by public choice and decision. In all of these, the international community has the right and responsibility to put an end to erring governments and people which cause threats to peace.

WHEN GLOBALIZATION AND CIVILIZATIONS COLLIDE

Huntington’s ‘clash of civilization’ thesis is vigorously criticized by the chapter authors for its flawed culture-based interpretations of 9/11, reflected in his unconvincing justification of terrorists’ genocidal tendencies. Counter-arguments to the image of a religious or civilizational conflict are more pronounced contrary to what Huntington imagines. Globalization factors have blurred the civilizational lines because of porous state borders which enhance the transnational mixing of socio-political loyalties. The assumption of a homogenous Islam is contentious since cultures are not monolithic blocks that can be sustained, and is indestructible. Islam, like Christianity, does not have a unified version of its religious beliefs and practices. Many Muslim nations openly condemned the theology of Osama bin Laden. As Acharya concludes in his chapter, states ‘acted more as states rather than as civilizations’ in responding to 9/11 (p. 195).

The post-9/11 period witnessed a new and sustained interest in the study of Islam and Muslim societies, with the cornucopia of knowledge projected in various governmental and media pronouncements on the subject. But, more often, the interpretation of Islam with regard to terrorism is determined by domestic and international political factors (Dalacoura 2002). The Islam faith has been demonized by Washington as a means to universalize Western liberal values and contain Muslim fundamentalists. Islamic extremism has been labeled as the counter-hegemonic force of the post-Cold War period replacing Communism. Consequently, rather than a ‘war on terrorism’, the international community is currently engaged in a witch-hunt for specific terrorist groups who embrace the doctrine of radical Islam.

Fukuyama describes Islamo-fascism as the Muslim world’s reaction to the social poverty brought about by the Western modernization process in the Arab peninsula. Historically, the September 11 attacks can be traced back to the economic, social, and cultural crisis which plagued the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region in the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War and the accelerating process of globalization which started in the late 1970s. Policies of Structural Adjustment and import liberalization have impoverished the powerful proletariats in the Arab world and reconfigured traditional Muslim communities. Still clinging to his ‘end of the history’ thesis, Fukuyama presents his liberal doctrine which argues that Western liberalism is the final destination of the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries. He sees the results of the Afghanistan and Iraq democratization projects and the dismantling of the theocratic and despotic nature of Islam politics as crucial factors in transforming the history of the Arab world. For him, “democracy, individual rights, the rule of law, and prosperity based on economic freedom represent universal aspirations that will be ultimately by people all over the world if given the opportunity” (p. 28).

Globalization and fundamentalism are twin phenomena that cannot be separated. Barber has been consistent in his earlier position that we can allow either a globalized capitalist world (McWorld) or a world of fundamentalist (Jihad) to set the terms of international interdependence. We cannot strike a balance between the two because of the inherent nature of capitalism which automatically induces inequalities in the globe---the very reason of resentment among terrorists. There is a view that poverty among Muslim societies engenders terrorism because of clashes between Western consumerism and traditional Islamic teachings. Capitalism is perceived as part and parcel of the neo-liberal ideology which endeavors to secularize the religion of terrorists. In this regard, Smith’s chapter complements Barber’s position when the former formulates 10 factual questions directed to the US regarding the justification of its response, the nature of foreign policy it acted upon and the comprehensiveness of its understanding of the 9/11 attacks. One underpinning purpose of these inquiries is to investigate how cultures determine the perceptions of international actors regarding outsiders. Answers to these questions reveal that both the US government and the terrorist groups have their unique interpretations of each other. This divergence very well explains the vicious cycle of struggle between the al-Qaeda and the developed nations.

Information technologies and the media are shaping the global citizens’ perception of terrorism and its concomitant actors. Acquisition of information and opinion about the aftermath of 9-11 has been a crucial factor in reconciling media coverage and opinion. Media networks have caused global citizens to perceive that the WTC attacks are reenactments of Bruce Willis’ Die Hard series and James Cameroon’s Pearl Harbor. Der Derian provides an interesting twist when he explores how 9/11 provided a platform for wars between networks engaged in maneuvering, influencing and altering with public opinion. Networks’ strategies easily conflate with the global opinion about the moral justifications and the rationale behind the terrorist attacks. Foremost, Washington has attempted to prevent the ‘Vietnam syndrome’[3] to preserve public support. The first phase of its war in Iraq was projected as a successful military campaign which deserved to be sustained. President Bush even established the MIME-Net (military-industrial-media-entertainment network) not only to ostracize negative publicities that could mar the image of his leadership but also to solicit political capital that could catapult him again into power in 2004 elections.

Freedman and Ball concentrate on what they see as the evolution of a new form of warfare. Of interest to them is the war between a modern force and a primitive army (e.g. the United States and the Northern Alliance). Peoples of the globe must recognize that al-Qaeda members are not naïve cave dwellers. The marriage of the narratives of primitivism (fundamentalism) and modernity can be seen in bin Laden’s adherence to Islamic extremism while branding himself as a member of an elite Saudi family. His desire to banish the Western, a secular ideology is enhanced by the al-Jazeera, the Internet and compact m satellite telephones to communicate with his grassroots network organizations in Africa and Southeast Asia. Washington responded to the situation by establishing the Office of Homeland Security and the Human Intelligence Network (HUMINT) systems to safely locate and pursue al-Qaeda operations.

Ultimately, the intelligence community is anticipated to be burdened by the terrorist threats. Challenges lie on the lack of political will among governments to devote resources for the dismantling of intra-states terrorist networks and the failure to realign their legal and juridical systems to the principles of US’s anti-terror campaign. On the broad level, there is a lingering fear among states that the anti-terror campaign can easily translate into a war against freedom and privacy. Biersteker explains that gross infringement of civil liberties is not far-fetched in the future due to several strictures to be implemented on the use of the Internet and other correspondence and transaction systems including the financial market mechanisms. For instance, targeted financial sanctions (TFS), first applied by UN in Angola (1998), Taliban (1999, 2000) and Liberia (2001), is being revived to dismantle the terrorists’ underground hawala system.

A NEW WORLD ORDER?

Have 9/11 events reconfigured the international state system? Some theorists maintain that it has unmistakably altered the traditional Westphalian concept of state as the sole enforcer of security. Interestingly, the book is concluded by Waltz’s statement that nothing has changed since 9/11, frustrating and downplaying the passionate trumpet call for the formation of global civil society by Linklater, Williams, Brown and Parekh. Waltz’s position seems to earn more plaudits since international events show that there is no plausible, major evidence suggesting the emergence of a new world order. The attacks may induce policing problem for the international community but they do not constitute a serious challenge to the norms of international society as the world’s global pattern of military, political and economic power remains unaltered (Brown 2002:263). Changes are more evolutionary rather than revolutionary, characterized by the following: increased assertion of US power, emergence of coalition of countries for and against the US and widespread economic recession in many states due to threats of terrorism.

Gray seamlessly describes the triumph of realist explanations as he chronicles how states supported US to further their national interests. Russia deemed it necessary to cooperate with Washington to contain conflicts in China and the Himalayas. Great Britain committed itself to be the US’s faithful lieutenant to increase its influence in Europe. September 11 briefly brought together European governments into a military alliance with Washington (Wallace 2002). EU governments are well aware of their relative weakness compared with the US military and any cooperation with the Hegemon was the most intelligent option to protect their borders. Yet, NATO’s invocation of Article 5 failed to revitalize the Alliance and transform Atlantic relationship. The issue of war in Iraq disintegrated any unity forged by 9/11 with France and Germany condemning the military actions. In East Asia, the Great Power Rivalries between the US and China reached its peak when Bush’s foreign policies made it difficult for China and Japan to join the anti-terrorism bandwagon.

Asian governments managed to protect their interests by maximizing the opportunity of US cooperation. In South Asia, General Musharraf of Pakistan needed the US military aid and resources because of the lingering Indian nuclear threats on Kashmir. Indonesia accepted the economic and political support from US in assisting to crush Jeemah Islamiyah and other terrorist networks in its territory. But weeks after Washington announced its war in Iraq, Sukarnoputri proclaimed her veiled criticism to the Bush administration. Raja Mohan believes that the U.S. intervention as one holding more promise for South Asia than its earlier involvement in Afghanistan. Karzai’s interim government is still fragile and currently being threatened by the resurgence of warlordism and revival of predatory extraction in the country. There is a growing consensus that Afghans, which had been abandoned by the US in 1991, should not be left alone to tread the road to stability.

Divergent perceptions towards 9/11 were also evident in the local level. For Acharya, the post-9/11 period saw state-society relations more divisive in terms of the relationship of governments to their people than between states. Saudi Arabia and other gulf states witnessed the growing population of Muslim anti-Americans who likewise found an opportunity to actively clamor for the recognition of their Palestinian brothers in the Gaza Strip. Some Asian leaders, on one hand, showed utmost concern for regime security. Mahathir made it difficult for Muslim jihad supporters to travel to Afghanistan because of threats to domestic stability while President Gloria Arroyo tried to contain the Abu Sayyaf bandit group through the sustained militarization of Southern Philippines. Wallerstein and Rogers foresee that the outcomes of US’s war on terrorism will be uncertain due to conflation of international factors. Political violence will continue to reconfigure global order because the dominant drivers of conflict and insecurity will stay including issues on socio-economic division and proliferation of military technologies.

The UN Millennium Declaration (Sept. 2000) promoting common values such as freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature and shared responsibility became hollow post 9/11. The al-Qaeda and the coalition against terrorism see each other as uncivilized and there is no way that these perceptions can be reconciled in the near future. The authors offer their modest recommendations on how to address the recurring international violence. If Fukuyama puts his faith on his unshakable logic of historical evolution to ensure the hegemony of liberalism, Parekh trusts inter-cultural dialogue as the surest means to address the deeper roots of terrorism. Widely shared values must be promoted so that none should be demonized or declared evil in the negotiation process. Bok further contends that it is beneficial to abandon the idea that Islam and the West have divergent perceptions of the world. Imperative to this is for governments to veer away from interpreting 9/11 events in religious and civilization terms.

CONCLUSION: (UN)FILLED GAPS

No short reviews could provide justice to the 31 chapters of the book. Booth and Dunne remained faithful to aspirations they laid down in the introductory chapter—to investigate the fragile relationship between binary opposites: Islam and the West, terror and dialogue, force and law, among others. Nonetheless, the aim to do a comprehensive survey of academic opinions is undercut by their failure to include the works of scholars from other global regions. It must be noted that only two out of the 32 contributors are Asian-based academics--Mohan (India) and Acharya (Singapore). The presence of South American and African contributors can strike an ideological balance between the Western-centric and Southern countries’ interpretations of terrorism. Post-9/11, majority of Latin Americans believe that the U.S. has lost interest in their region. The extent of exaggeration of this notion is crucial in locating Latin American developing countries on the map of US foreign policy. Similarly, the OAU (now the African Union) adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism in 1999. African leaders also issued a strong declaration against terrorism at the Africa Summit held in Dakar in October 2001. But none of these important developments echo in the pages of the volume. Chapter authors barely discussed the dynamics of East Asian geopolitics. The perspectives of China and Japan can give flesh to the dynamics of ‘Great Power Rivalry’ thesis elucidated by Acharya. Apparently, Western-centric interpretations inundate the volume leaning it on realist explanations which overlook the genuine human security concerns.

Nevertheless, a commendable strength of the collection concerns the authors’s attempt to shift the spotlight on to the subdued questions that have been marginalized by policy discourse of governments around the globe. The question of culture and terrorism is again put forth to revive the dying attention of many states toward the role of socio-economic deprivation in exacerbating the terrorist tendencies of their constituents. More importantly, it is very difficult to find a book that contains a wide array of par excellence scholars who have earned their academic reputation very well. Worlds in Collision provides a platform for left-wing socialists to reflect side by side with right-wing uber realists in their quest to explain the transformation of global history. The contributors to this volume come from variegated perspectives which do not always converge. But all of them share an aspiration for a more peaceful globe, a world in which transnational communities coexist peacefully, diverse religious and faith-based groups not only tolerate but also learn from one another, individuals are protected and empowered by their states which act judiciously to protect the collective rights of their citizens.

REFERENCES

Archibugi, Daniele (2001) Terrorism and Cosmopolitanism., available at http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/archibugi.htm

Keohane, Robert Joseph Nye (1989) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Little-Brown, Boston (2nd edition).

Taliaferro, Jeffrey (2001) 'Security-Seeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered,' in International Security, vol. 25, no. 3, Winter 2000/2001: 152-86

Mearsheimer, John (2002), Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W.W. Norton, New York.

Hill, Christopher (2002) Perspectives from International Relations in International Relations. Sage Publications: London, vol 16 No. 2. pp. 257–262.

Smith, Steve (2002) The End of the Unipolar Moment? September 11 and the Future of World Order International Relations Copyright © 2002 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 16(2): 171–183

Stefano Guzzini.2002. Foreign Policy Without Diplomacy: The Bush Administration at a Crossroads.Copenhagen Peace Research Institute.International Relations Copyright © 2002 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 16(2): 291–297

Viotti, P. and M. Kauppi, (eds.). 1987. International Relations Theory. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York).

Katerina Dalacoura.2002. Violence, September 11 and the Interpretations of Islam International Relations Copyright. SAGE Publications.London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 16(2): 269–273.

Chris Brown.2002. The ‘Fall of the Towers’ and International Order.International Relations Copyright © 2002 SAGE Publications, London: Vol 16(2): 263–267

William Wallace As Viewed from Europe:Transatlantic Sympathies, Transatlantic Fears

International Relations Copyright © 2002 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol 16(2): 281–286



[1] Published in Kasarinlan: A Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, World After 9-11 Issue, vol. 18. nos. 1 and 2 (2003)

[2] Members of Coalition supporting US’s war in Iraq: Afghanistan, Albania, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom and Uzbekistan